HomePest Control ProductsInsecticides6 Best Systemic Insecticides For Thrips: Long-Lasting Control With Minimal Plant Stress

6 Best Systemic Insecticides For Thrips: Long-Lasting Control With Minimal Plant Stress

Choose a systemic insecticide for thrips that balances lasting residual control with minimal plant stress for safer, longer-lasting protection.

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If thrips are scarifying leaves, flowers, or fruit in your garden, a systemic insecticide can stop feeding insects from the inside out. You want a product that moves effectively through plant tissues, provides reliable residual control, and does not harm beneficial pollinators or sensitive ornamentals when used correctly. This guide shortlists six top systemic insecticides for thrips and explains how we evaluated them for control duration, application options, and plant safety. Read on to understand what matters when picking a systemic product and which product features gardeners prioritize for targeted thrips management.

Top Picks at a Glance

Monterey Fruit Tree & Vegetable Systemic Soil Drench, 1 QuartMonterey Fruit Tree & Vegetable Systemic Soil Drench 1 Quart
Best Quality
Built to a higher standard if you want something more solid
Bayer Merit 75 WSP systemic insecticide (4 x 1.6 oz)Bayer Merit 75 WSP systemic insecticide (4 x 1.6 oz)
Best Value
The sweet spot between price and what you get
BioAdvanced Fruit & Citrus Tree Insect Control Concentrate, 32 ozBioAdvanced Fruit & Citrus Tree Insect Control Concentrate 32 oz
Best Budget
The cheapest option that still gets the job done reliably
ferti-lome Houseplant Hero Systemic Insecticide, 8 ozferti-lome Houseplant Hero Systemic Insecticide 8 oz
Highest Rated
A top-rated pick with lots of positive feedback
Orthene 97 WP Acephate Systemic Insecticide for Turf, Trees & OrnamentalsOrthene 97 WP Acephate Systemic Insecticide for Turf Trees & Ornamentals
Most Popular
A crowd favorite that many people choose with confidence
Bonide Systemic Insect Control Concentrate, 16 ozBonide Systemic Insect Control Concentrate 16 oz

Monterey Fruit Tree & Vegetable Systemic Soil Drench, 1 Quart

Monterey Fruit Tree & Vegetable Systemic Soil Drench 1 Quart
Best Overall
A concentrated systemic soil drench designed to be mixed with water and applied to the base of fruit trees, nut trees, vegetables, and herbs to provide season-long insect protection.
95
Overall Score
Residual Control Duration
9.1
Plant Uptake & Translocation
9.2
Application Versatility
9.1
Plant Safety & Phytotoxicity
9.3
Pollinator Exposure Risk
9.1
Key Specs
ManufacturerMonterey
FormulationConcentrate
Intended useSoil drench for trees, vegetables and herbs
Target pestsAphids, thrips, whiteflies, leafhoppers, Japanese beetles

This Monterey systemic soil drench is a concentrate you mix with water and pour around the root zone so the active ingredient is taken up by the plant and protects new and existing growth. It is intended for fruit and nut trees plus a wide range of vegetables and herbs, and lists common pests such as aphids, thrips, whiteflies, leafhoppers and Japanese beetles. Use is simple: wear recommended protective gear, dilute the product according to label directions, and apply the solution directly to soil rather than spraying foliage. The main benefits are long-lasting control because the chemistry moves through the vascular system and protects new shoots, and convenience for plants that are difficult to spray. Important limitations are that it requires careful handling and protective clothing, it is a chemical insecticide so not suited for organic-only approaches, and label directions must be followed precisely to avoid crop safety or environmental issues. For gardeners targeting sap-feeding pests on trees and larger vegetables this product offers a practical, low-labor option for season-long control when used as directed.

Best for: Gardeners who want a low-labor, season-long chemical control for sap-feeding insects on fruit trees, nut trees, and larger vegetable crops and who follow label safety guidance.

Less Ideal for: People managing strictly organic gardens or small potted plants where a soil drench could be difficult to apply evenly should consider alternatives.

Pros:
  • Systemic action provides season-long protection including new growth
  • Concentrate formula mixes with water for several applications per container
  • Works via soil drench so no foliar spraying is required
  • Label lists broad range of target pests including thrips and other sap-feeders
Cons:
  • Requires personal protective equipment and careful handling during mixing and application
  • Not appropriate for gardeners seeking organic-only treatments

Verdict: Choose this systemic soil drench if you need a convenient, season-long chemical solution for thrips and other sap-feeding pests on trees and larger vegetable plantings.

Bayer Merit 75 WSP systemic insecticide (4 x 1.6 oz)

Bayer Merit 75 WSP systemic insecticide (4 x 1.6 oz)
Best Quality
A concentrated systemic insecticide packet formulation containing imidacloprid 75% designed for preventive and curative control of soil-feeding and foliar insects.
90
Overall Score
Residual Control Duration
9.0
Plant Uptake & Translocation
9.0
Application Versatility
9.2
Plant Safety & Phytotoxicity
9.0
Pollinator Exposure Risk
9.1
Key Specs
Item FormWSP (water soluble packets)
Target SpeciesInsects
Active ingredient concentrationImidacloprid 75%

Merit 75 WSP is a water-soluble packet formulation of imidacloprid intended for systemic uptake through soil or root applications to control susceptible insects. In practice you dissolve a packet and apply it to the soil around ornamentals, turf, or container-grown plants so the active ingredient moves into the plant vascular system and protects new growth. Notable features are its high concentration of imidacloprid and small measured packets that simplify mixing and reduce handling. The formulation claims broad-spectrum systemic activity and can cut application rates significantly compared with older granular products, which is useful if you need strong preventive control across a landscape. Limitations are that it only contains one active ingredient class, so it should be rotated with different modes of action to manage resistance, and systemic uptake timing means control is best for feeding insects rather than fast-contact knockdown. As a performance-focused option for persistent sap- and soil-feeding pests, it delivers reliable plant protection when used according to label directions and integrated into an overall pest management plan.

Best for: Gardeners and landscape managers who prioritize strong, long-lasting systemic control of sap- and soil-feeding pests and want a concentrated, easy-to-mix packet product for preventive applications.

Less Ideal for: Those looking for an immediate contact knockdown or products with multiple active ingredient classes for built-in resistance management should consider alternative or complementary options.

Pros:
  • High concentration of imidacloprid for systemic, long-lasting protection
  • Convenient single-use water-soluble packets for accurate mixing and reduced exposure
  • Effective preventive and curative control against a range of sap- and soil-feeding insects
Cons:
  • Single active ingredient class increases resistance management concerns if overused

Verdict: Choose Merit 75 WSP when you need a high‑concentration systemic packet that delivers reliable preventive and curative control of plant‑feeding insects.

BioAdvanced Fruit & Citrus Tree Insect Control Concentrate, 32 oz

BioAdvanced Fruit & Citrus Tree Insect Control Concentrate 32 oz
Best Value
A soil‑applied concentrate that systemically protects fruit and citrus trees from a wide range of sap‑feeding insects for up to two months after a single annual application.
88
Overall Score
Residual Control Duration
8.4
Plant Uptake & Translocation
8.1
Application Versatility
8.9
Plant Safety & Phytotoxicity
9.1
Pollinator Exposure Risk
8.9
Key Specs
Unit Count32 Fluid Ounces
Item FormLiquid
Target SpeciesInsects
Active Ingredientsavocado

This BioAdvanced concentrate is designed to protect fruit and citrus trees by mixing and pouring at the plant base so the active ingredient is taken up through the roots and provides internal protection. It targets aphids, whiteflies, leafhoppers, scale and several other listed pests and claims up to two months of prevention after one application. Typical use is annual treatment of established fruit trees, or treating multiple small fruit plants and vegetable areas according to label rates; one 32-ounce bottle is advertised to treat up to nine trees or 640 square feet of vegetables. The practical benefits are no spraying, resistance to wash-off from rain, and a long residual that reduces repeat visits during the growing season. Important limitations are that it is a systemic insecticide with an imidacloprid active ingredient so users should follow label directions for edible plants and pollinator safety and note it is not available for sale in several states; it also does not provide immediate contact knockdown for heavy, visible infestations.

Best for: Gardeners who want an easy, low‑maintenance way to protect established fruit or citrus trees from sap‑feeding insects without foliar spraying and who prioritize season‑long coverage.

Less Ideal for: People needing immediate, contact control of visible outbreaks or those who avoid systemic neonicotinoid products for pollinator safety should consider alternative methods.

Pros:
  • Systemic root uptake gives internal protection that is not easily washed away by rain
  • Controls a broad list of sap‑feeding pests including scale, aphids, whiteflies and leafhoppers
  • Single annual application can protect trees for up to two months, reducing labor
  • Concentrate format treats multiple trees or a larger vegetable area from one bottle
Cons:
  • Not a contact spray so it will not quickly knock down heavy, active infestations
  • Contains imidacloprid which requires careful adherence to label restrictions for edible crops and pollinators

Verdict: Use this concentrate if you want a root‑applied, season‑lasting protection for fruit and citrus trees against scale and other sap‑feeding pests with minimal foliar spraying.

ferti-lome Houseplant Hero Systemic Insecticide, 8 oz

ferti-lome Houseplant Hero Systemic Insecticide 8 oz
Best Budget
A ready-to-use systemic insecticide formulated with imidacloprid for ongoing control of a wide range of insect pests on houseplants and container-grown ornamentals.
83
Overall Score
Residual Control Duration
8.6
Plant Uptake & Translocation
8.8
Application Versatility
8.3
Plant Safety & Phytotoxicity
8.1
Pollinator Exposure Risk
8.7
Key Specs
Unit Count8 Fluid Ounces
Item FormOil
Target SpeciesInsects
Special FeaturesReady to Use
Active IngredientsImidacloprid 0.22%

The ferti-lome Houseplant Hero is an 8 oz ready-to-use systemic insecticide that delivers imidacloprid through the potting mix to control many common pests including thrips, aphids, whiteflies, fungus gnat larvae, and scale. You apply measured doses to the soil every eight weeks during the growing season so the active ingredient is taken up by roots and distributed through the plant, which reduces the need for frequent foliar sprays. The product is sold as a single bottle with dosing guidelines for small pots, making it convenient for indoor growers and hobbyists who want straightforward, interval-based protection. It is EPA-specified and targets both soil and foliar feeders, giving practical, season-long suppression when used as directed. Limitations are that it contains imidacloprid, a neonicotinoid, so it should be used cautiously around pollinators and in situations where non-target impacts are a concern, and it requires correct dosing for small pots to avoid overapplication.

Best for: Budget-minded indoor gardeners who want an easy, low-effort systemic option to suppress thrips and other common pests on houseplants with periodic soil applications.

Less Ideal for: Those who prioritize organic alternatives or need a product safe for use where pollinators or beneficial insects are regularly present should consider non-neonicotinoid options.

Pros:
  • Ready-to-use formulation with simple soil dosing for indoor use
  • Systemic action provides weeks-long protection after application
  • Effective against a wide list of pests including thrips and fungus gnat larvae
  • EPA-specified product with clear application intervals
Cons:
  • Contains imidacloprid which may pose risks to pollinators and beneficial insects
  • Requires careful dosing for small pots to avoid overapplication

Verdict: A low-effort systemic insecticide that gives budget-conscious houseplant owners scheduled, lasting control of thrips and other common pests.

Orthene 97 WP Acephate Systemic Insecticide for Turf, Trees & Ornamentals

Orthene 97 WP Acephate Systemic Insecticide for Turf Trees & Ornamentals
Highest Rated
A high-concentration acephate systemic insecticide formulated for control of many chewing and sucking pests on turf, trees and ornamental plants.
87
Overall Score
Residual Control Duration
7.7
Plant Uptake & Translocation
8.7
Application Versatility
7.7
Plant Safety & Phytotoxicity
8.8
Pollinator Exposure Risk
8.2
Key Specs
BrandOrthene
Unit Count12.37 Ounce
Item FormSpray
Target SpeciesInsects
Specification MetEPA

Orthene 97 WP is a soluble acephate concentrate intended for professional-style control of a wide range of pests on ornamentals, trees and turf. Mixed according to label directions and applied as a spray, it acts systemically to move into plant tissue and control chewing and sucking insects commonly found on roses and other ornamentals. The formula lists control over aphids, thrips, leafrollers, Japanese beetle and several other pests, making it useful when multiple pest species are present. Its high active ingredient concentration means smaller product volumes are needed per treatment compared with low-concentration mixes. Important practical considerations are that it is a concentrated pesticide requiring careful dilution, protective equipment and strict adherence to label directions and reentry/interval restrictions. It is not a ready-to-use garden spray, so buyers should be comfortable handling concentrates and calibrating spray equipment for safe, effective application.

Best for: Gardeners or landscape professionals seeking a reliable, systemic insecticide to manage mixed infestations on ornamentals and small trees and who are comfortable mixing and applying concentrated products.

Less Ideal for: Casual gardeners who want ready-to-use treatments, gardeners unwilling to follow strict safety and label instructions, or anyone preferring non-chemical or lower-toxicity options.

Pros:
  • High acephate concentration for strong systemic control of sucking and chewing insects
  • Broad pest spectrum that includes thrips, aphids and several caterpillar and beetle pests
  • Soluble concentrate that can be mixed to desired spray volumes for larger areas
  • EPA-specified product with a formulation intended for turf, trees and ornamentals
Cons:
  • Requires careful dilution and use of protective gear because it is a concentrated pesticide
  • Not formulated as a ready-to-use spray so it needs spray equipment and calibration

Verdict: Choose Orthene 97 WP when you need a dependable, high-concentration systemic insecticide to control thrips and other common ornamental pests and you can handle concentrated formulations safely.

Bonide Systemic Insect Control Concentrate, 16 oz

Bonide Systemic Insect Control Concentrate 16 oz
A 16 oz systemic concentrate designed to kill and control a range of outdoor ornamental insect pests through contact and systemic action.
89
Overall Score
Residual Control Duration
8.7
Plant Uptake & Translocation
9.0
Application Versatility
8.9
Plant Safety & Phytotoxicity
9.1
Pollinator Exposure Risk
8.8
Key Specs
Unit Count1 Count
Included Components16 oz Concentrate
Item FormSpray
Target SpeciesSpider
Specification MetEPA

Bonide Systemic Insect Control is a 16 oz concentrate that mixes with water for spray applications on outdoor ornamental plants. It combines contact activity with systemic uptake so treated plants both receive immediate knockdown and prolonged protection as the active ingredient moves through plant tissues. Typical use is on roses, shrubs, flowers and trees for pests such as scale, spider mites, whiteflies, thrips, mealybugs and other listed insects; the label warns against use on edible fruit or vegetable crops. It can be combined with some fungicides or fertilizers to streamline applications and is intended for repeat sprays every 7 to 10 days while infestations persist. Practical benefits include broad pest coverage for ornamentals and the convenience of systemic control that helps reach concealed feeders. Limitations are that it is not for use on edibles, requires careful mixing and adherence to label directions for safety, and repeat applications may be needed for heavy or persistent scale infestations.

Best for: Gardeners who prioritize fast, reliable control of ornamental pests and want a product that delivers systemic protection for trees, shrubs and flowering plants.

Less Ideal for: Homeowners growing edible vegetables or fruit or those seeking an organic-certified option should choose a product labeled for food crops or organic use.

Pros:
  • Systemic action plus contact kill reaches concealed feeding insects
  • Labeled for use on a wide range of ornamental plants including roses and shrubs
  • Compatible for tank-mixing with certain fungicides or fertilizers to reduce application steps
Cons:
  • Not labeled for use on vegetables or fruit plants
  • Requires careful dilution and adherence to label safety instructions

Verdict: Choose this concentrate when you need a performance-oriented systemic spray that provides both immediate knockdown and ongoing control of scale and other ornamentals pests.

Choosing the Right Systemic Insecticide for Thrips: Key Factors to Consider

Mode of Uptake and Movement in Plants

How a systemic insecticide is absorbed and moves through plant tissues determines whether it will reach the sites where thrips feed. Some act primarily through root uptake and move upward in the xylem, which works well for foliage and some flowers but may be less effective in nectar or pollen. Others have translaminar activity or better distribution within newer tissues. Understanding the uptake route affects timing and where you apply the product.

Matching the mode of movement to the target plant type matters. For container-grown ornamentals a soil drench or incorporated systemic is often easiest, while potted bulbs or shallow-rooted annuals may require specific application rates to avoid overconcentration. For shrubs and small trees, trunk or basal bark treatments can provide more uniform distribution in woody tissues. Choose a systemic chemistry whose translocation pattern aligns with where thrips are feeding in your specific plants.

Residual Activity and How Long Protection Lasts

Residual control tells you how long the plant will remain protected after application. Longer residuals reduce the need for repeat treatments but can increase risk to non-target insects if residues appear in pollen or nectar. For thrips, which reproduce quickly, a product with several weeks of residual activity can suppress population rebounds between applications.

Consider your cropping cycle and flowering period. If treated plants will be in bloom, pick a product with clear label instructions about withholding during bloom or choose application timing to minimize pollinator exposure. Gardeners using systemic products on annuals or vegetables should factor pre-harvest intervals and the expected duration of control into their spray schedule.

Application Method and Practicality

Systemic insecticides come in multiple formats: soil drenches, granules, concentrate solutions for drenching or foliar sprays, and tree injections. The practicality of application affects how gardeners will use the product. Soil drenches are straightforward for pots and garden beds, while injections require more skill and are suited to valuable ornamentals or trees. Granules can be easier for large beds but may have slower uptake.

Also consider the equipment you already own and the labor involved. Frequent small treatments are a poor fit for busy gardeners, so a product that achieves uptake with a single, easy application can be preferable. Read label directions for mixing and safety gear required, because some systemic formulations require gloves and eye protection during handling.

Plant Safety Across Species

Not all systemic chemistries are equally safe on every plant. Some plants show sensitivity or leaf burn when exposed to certain actives or at higher concentrations. This is especially important for tender annuals, young transplants, and some ornamental species. Look for products with explicit guidance for the plant types you grow and any species listed as sensitive.

To reduce risk, follow label rates and avoid treating stressed plants during heat waves or drought. When trying a systemic on a new variety, test a small area or a single plant first and wait a suitable observation period before treating an entire bed or collection.

Impact on Pollinators and Beneficial Insects

Systemic insecticides can move into pollen and nectar, posing exposure risks to bees and other pollinators. For thrips control in flowering plants, this factor is critical. Choose products with lower documented pollen or nectar residues when pollinator safety is a priority, or apply outside bloom windows and follow label precautions such as covering treated areas until residues decline.

Also consider impacts on predatory mites, lacewings, and minute pirate bugs that help control thrips naturally. Integrating systemic use with biological control requires careful timing and selecting chemistries with lower non-target toxicity where possible.

Environmental Persistence and Runoff Risk

Persistence in soil and potential for leaching affects where and when you can use a systemic insecticide. Gardeners with sandy soils, slopes, or nearby water features should evaluate runoff and groundwater risks. Products with long soil persistence may provide extended control but increase the chance of runoff into waterways.

Mitigate environmental risk by avoiding applications before heavy rain, following label limits on repeat applications, and using targeted applications rather than broadcast treatments when treating small garden areas.

When to Use a Systemic Instead of a Contact Treatment

Systemic insecticides are best when thrips hide inside flower buds, leaf folds, or new growth where contact sprays struggle to reach them. If you have persistent infestations that continue after contact sprays, or if repeated spraying is impractical, systemic uptake can suppress populations from within the plant.

Reserve systemic use for situations where the infestation level, plant value, or crop type justifies internal protection. For minor or early-season outbreaks, cultural controls and contact treatments may be enough and carry fewer risks for pollinators and beneficial insects.

  • Good for hard-to-reach feeding sites like buds and new shoots
  • Useful when long residual control is needed between applications
  • Not always necessary for small, isolated infestations

Integration With Cultural and Biological Controls

Systemic insecticides should be one component of an integrated thrips management plan. Combine sanitation measures, removal of heavily infested plant parts, and promotion of beneficial predators to reduce reliance on chemical controls.

Time systemic applications to avoid disrupting predator populations when possible. For example, apply systemic treatments late in the season after predators have suppressed initial outbreaks or in spot treatments targeting only severely affected plants.

  • Remove crop debris and weeds that host thrips
  • Encourage predatory insects by providing habitat and avoiding broad-spectrum sprays
  • Monitor regularly to apply systemics only when thresholds are met

Application Safety and Personal Protective Equipment

Handling systemic chemistries requires attention to label directions and personal protective equipment. Wear appropriate gloves, eye protection, and clothing when mixing and applying concentrates. Avoid drift during application and do not apply on windy days.

Store concentrates in a locked area away from children and pets, and dispose of diluted solutions responsibly. For soil drenches, avoid allowing runoff to reach storm drains or waterways.

  • Follow label PPE recommendations exactly
  • Mix products outdoors or in well-ventilated areas
  • Keep pets and children away from treated areas until dry

Timing Applications Around Bloom and Harvest

Because residues can appear in pollen and nectar, timing is essential. Avoid applying systemic treatments to plants that are in bloom unless the product label explicitly allows bloom-time use with precautions. For edible crops, follow pre-harvest intervals to ensure residues decline to safe levels before harvest.

If you need thrips control during bloom on ornamentals, consider non-systemic options applied carefully or physical controls such as sticky traps, and use systemics on non-flowering periods.

  • Check label for crop-specific bloom and harvest restrictions
  • Schedule applications for non-blooming windows when possible
  • Use targeted spot treatments for isolated infestations during bloom

Monitoring and Thresholds for Reapplication

Monitor thrips populations with sticky traps and by inspecting buds and new growth. Because systemic products often have multi-week residuals, reapplication should be based on observed population increases rather than a fixed calendar schedule.

Record treatment dates and watch for signs of reinfestation. If thrips return before expected residual expiration, investigate possible causes such as plant uptake problems, heavy rain after application, or a resistant population.

  • Use blue or yellow sticky traps to track adult activity
  • Inspect developing buds for feeding damage and nymphs
  • Reapply only when monitoring indicates loss of control

How We Chose the Best Systemic Insecticide for Thrips

We selected systemic insecticides that offer practical, garden-tested attributes relevant to thrips control. Our filters prioritized efficacy against sap-feeding insects, modes of uptake and translocation in common garden plants, and documented residual activity so gardeners can expect measurable protection after application. We also considered application versatility, including soil drenches, trunk injections, and foliar systemic options, because growers need choices for container plants, ornamentals, and small fruit. Plant safety was a key exclusion filter: products known to cause widespread phytotoxicity on common landscape species were excluded. Environmental and pollinator risk profiles were reviewed, focusing on formulations and label restrictions that reduce exposure to bees and beneficial insects when used per directions. Packaging and clarity of label instructions were included since correct dosing matters for systemic chemistry. Finally, we excluded contact-only insecticides and general broad-spectrum foliar sprays that lack systemic uptake, because they do not meet the internal translocation requirement important for consistent thrips control.

FAQ

Can systemic insecticides harm pollinators when used for thrips?

Systemic residues can appear in pollen and nectar, so pollinator risk depends on the chemistry and application timing. Many labels restrict use on blooming plants or recommend avoiding applications during bloom to reduce exposure.

How long after application will a systemic start controlling thrips?

Uptake time varies by formulation and application method. Soil drenches often take several days to be translocated into new growth, while some trunk or stem applications can act faster. Expect at least a few days before full internal protection is established.

Are systemic insecticides safe for potted plants?

They can be effective for containers but require careful dosing because smaller root volumes can lead to higher concentrations. Follow label rates for potted plants and consider testing on a single plant first to check for sensitivity.

Will systemics prevent thrips from returning long term?

Systemics reduce population rebounds for the length of their residual activity, but they are not a permanent fix. Combining systemic use with cultural practices and biological controls gives the best chance of longer-term suppression.

Can thrips become resistant to systemic insecticides?

Resistance can develop with repeated use of the same chemical class. Rotate modes of action and integrate non-chemical controls to slow resistance buildup and maintain efficacy.

Final Verdict

Systemic insecticides are a powerful tool for controlling thrips when you need internal protection in buds, flowers, or new growth. Prioritize products that match your plant types and application method, and weigh residual duration against pollinator and environmental risks. Use systemics as part of an integrated plan that includes monitoring, cultural measures, and biological controls so you get effective suppression with minimal unintended impacts.

Trey Palmer
Trey Palmer
There's something deeply satisfying about turning a handful of seeds into a thriving harvest, and that's the side of gardening that fascinates Trey most. At Essential Garden Guide, Trey focuses on greenhouse gardening, growing vegetables, seed propagation, and getting the most out of limited growing spaces. Curious by nature, Trey enjoys exploring the science behind plant growth, from managing temperature and humidity to understanding how light, nutrients, and growing conditions influence plant development. Through his articles, he aims to make the rewarding world of homegrown produce more accessible, helping readers grow healthier plants, extend their growing seasons, and enjoy the satisfaction of harvesting something they've nurtured from the very beginning.
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